このページでは、一般動詞の過去形の肯定文、否定文、疑問文の正しい作り方、過去形のedの付け方と規則動詞と不規則動詞について学習していきます。 英語学習者必見の内容です！ ページの最後に練習問題もあるので挑戦してみましょう！
On this page, we'll delve into forming affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences using general verbs in the past tense. We'll also cover the spelling rules for adding 'ed' and explore the distinctions between regular and irregular verbs. This is essential reading for anyone learning English! Make sure to tackle the exercises at the end of the page!
英語では、動詞の形を過去形にすることで過去の時制を表現します。 そして、すでに完了した出来事など、主語の過去の行動や状態を表現したいときは、一般動詞の過去形を使います。 一般動詞が過去形になっても一般動詞には変わりないので、その肯定文、否定文、疑問文の作り方は、一般動詞の現在形と同じです。 一般動詞の現在形を過去形にすれば OK です！
In English, we express the past tense by changing verbs to their past forms. We typically use the past tense of general verbs to describe completed events and the actions or states of the subject in the past. Even in the past tense, the nature of general verbs remains unchanged, and the basics of forming affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences stay the same as in the present tense. We simply switch the verb forms to the past!
一般動詞の過去形の表し方は、動詞の原形の語尾に ed を付けるのが基本です。 このように、特定のパターンに従って過去形を作る動詞を規則動詞と呼び、一般動詞の多くはこのタイプに当たります。
The basic rule for forming the past tense of general verbs is to add 'ed' to the end of their base form. Verbs that follow this pattern are called regular verbs, and the majority of general verbs fall into this category.
| 原形の語尾 Base form endings | 過去形のed ed endings | 例 Examples |
|---|---|---|
| [子音字＋y] [Consonant + y] | [-ied] |
study→studied
cry→cried
reply→replied
marry→married
try→tried
|
| e | [-d] |
like→liked
use→used
live→lived
dance→danced
stare→stared
|
| 上記以外 Other than the above | [-ed] |
play→played
want→wanted
visit→visited
watch→watched
play→played
fix→fixed
|
アルファベット26文字のうち、[a, e, i, o, u]を母音字といい、これら以外すべての文字を子音字と呼ぶ。
Among the 26 letters of the alphabet, [a, e, i, o, u] are called vowels, and all the other letters are referred to as consonants.
一般動詞の過去形の表し方は、動詞の原形の語尾に ed を付けるのが基本的ではありますが、そうでない一般動詞も存在します。 このような一般動詞の過去形には ed は付かず、動詞そのものの形が変化します。このタイプの動詞を不規則動詞と呼びます。 不規則動詞はたくさんあるので、以下にてその一部を紹介します。
Although the basic rule for forming the past tense of general verbs involves adding 'ed,' not all verbs follow this pattern. Verbs that deviate are known as irregular verbs and have unique past tense forms that do not end in 'ed.' Given the number of irregular verbs, we will provide only a few examples below.
| 原形 Base form | 過去形 Past tense |
|---|---|
| do | did |
| come | came |
| go | went |
| eat | ate |
| run | ran |
| have | had |
一般動詞の過去形の肯定文を作るときの基本ルールは、一般動詞の現在形の肯定文と同じです。 一般動詞を過去形に変えるだけで完成です。ただし、一般動詞を使った過去形の肯定文では、主語の人称や数に関係なく、動詞の過去形を主語の後ろに入れます。 その形は、〈主語 ＋ 一般動詞の過去形 ＋ 目的語 / その他〉をとります。
The basic rule for forming affirmative sentences with general verbs in the past tense is the same as in the present tense. You simply change the verbs to their past forms. The key difference is that the verb following the subject always ends with 'ed,' regardless of the person and number of the subject. The sentence structure follows the format: [subject + past tense of the verb + object / other].
例えば、「I played ~」や「He played ~」のように、過去形では主語が何であっても動詞の過去形の形は変わりません。
For example, in English, we say 'I played ~' or 'He played ~,' and verbs following the subject consistently end with 'ed' for all subjects.
| 文の種類 Sentence | 主語 Subject | 一般動詞 General verbs | 目的語 Object | その他 Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 現在形 Present | She | studies | English | every day. |
| 過去形 Past | She | studied | English | yesterday. |
I changed the plan at the last minute.
私は直前で計画を変更した。
at the last minute: 直前で、ギリギリになって
Kenta went to bed early last night.
ケンタは昨晩早寝した。
go to bed: 床につく、就寝する
We had dinner together two days ago.
私たちは2日前に一緒に夕飯を食べました。
have: 食べる、飲む
They talked at the coffee shop.
彼らはコーヒーショップで会話しました。
一般動詞の過去形の否定文を作るときの基本ルールは、一般動詞の現在形の否定文と同じです。 ただし、過去形では主語の人称や数に関係なく、did not（短縮形: didn't）を一般動詞の前に入れ、その後に来る動詞は原形を使います。 その形は、〈主語 ＋ did not ＋ 一般動詞の原形 ＋ 目的語 / その他〉をとります。
The basic rule for creating negative sentences with general verbs in the past tense is similar to that in the present tense. However, in the past tense, you always place did not (or didn't) before the main verb, using the verb's base form. The sentence structure follows the pattern: [subject + did not + base form of the verb + object / other].
一般動詞を使った現在形の否定文では、主語によって do not (don't) と does not (doesn't) を使い分けます。 しかし、過去形では「I didn't play ~」や「He didn't play ~」のように、主語が何であってもいつも did not (didn't) を使います。
Unlike in the present tense, where we use do not (don't) or does not (doesn't) depending on the subject, in the past tense, we always use did not (didn't) for all subjects, as in 'I didn't play ~' or 'He didn't play ~.'
| 文の種類 Sentence | 主語 Subject | 一般動詞 General verbs | 目的語 Object | その他 Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 現在形 Present | She | doesn't | study | English | every day. |
| 過去形 Past | She | didn't | study | English | yesterday. |
Erick didn't do the homework last night.
エリックは昨晩宿題をしなかった。
Emily didn't want to talk with him.
エミリーは彼と話したくなかった。
They didn't go to the beach yesterday.
彼らは昨日ビーチに行かなかった。
一般動詞の過去形の疑問文を作るときの基本ルールは、一般動詞の現在形の疑問文と同じです。 ただし、過去形では主語の人称や数に関係なく、常にDidで文を始めます。その形は、〈Did ＋ 一般動詞の原形 ＋ 目的語 / その他？〉をとります。 過去形でも動詞は、原形を使うので注意しましょう。そして、これらの疑問文には、Yes / No を使って答えます。
The basic rule for forming interrogative sentences with general verbs in the past tense is similar to that in the present tense, except we always start sentences with 'Did' for all subjects. The sentence structure then becomes: [Did + base form of the verb + object/other?]. Remember, the main verb in these questions always stays in its base form, and typically, we answer these questions with 'Yes' or 'No.'
一般動詞を使った現在形の疑問文では、主語によって Do と Does を使い分けます。 しかし、過去形では「Did you play ~ ?」や「Did he play ~ ?」のように、主語が何であってもいつも Did で文を始めます。
In the past tense, we always start sentences with 'Did,' regardless of the subject, as in 'Did you play ~?' or 'Did he play ~?' This differs from the present tense, where we use 'Do' or 'Does' depending on the subject.
| 文の種類 Sentence | 主語 Subject | 一般動詞 General verbs | 目的語 Object | その他 Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 現在形 Present | Does | Kenta | play | soccer | every day？ |
| 過去形 Past | Did | Kenta | play | soccer | yesterday? |
Did you study for the exam last night? [No, I didn't.]
あなたは昨晩テスト勉強しましたか？
Did your mother pack your lunch this morning? [Yes, she did.]
あなたの母は今朝あなたのお弁当を作りましたか？
pack lunch: お弁当を作る
Did we miss the bus? [Yes, we did.]
私たちはバスに乗り遅れましたか？
カッコ内の指示に従って一般動詞を書き換えよう。
Rewrite the verbs following the instructions in parentheses.
go (過去形に)
went
play (過去形に)
played
try (過去形に)
tried
study (三単現に)
studies
以下の空欄を適切な語句で埋めましょう。
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
昨夜、私たちは星を見ながら長い話をしました。
Last night, we ____ had a long conversation while watching the stars.
あなたのチームは大会で勝ちましたか？
____ Did your team ____ win the tournament?
私は昨日、その本を読みませんでした。
I ____ didn't ____ read that book yesterday.
カッコ内から適切な英単語を選び、文を完成させましょう。
Choose the appropriate word from the options in parentheses to complete the sentence.
Last Monday, my brother and I (go / went) to a science museum. We (saw / see) an exhibition on the planets and (learn / learned) a lot about our solar system.
This morning, I (wake / woke) up early and (felt / feel) refreshed because I (go / went) to bed early last night, unlike most nights when I (stay / stayed) up late.
Every Saturday, she (went / goes) to a dance class in the morning, but last Saturday, she (missed / miss) it because she (have / had) a family gathering, which (occurred / occurs) once in a blue moon.